Welcome To The 4E Publications Area

Digitalisation in electric motor systems – Part III: Catalogue of case studies
EMSA presents eight concrete cases of companies who used digital solutions to optimise their processes, thereby saving energy.

2023 4E Annual Report
Read the 2023 Annual Report for the IEA Technology Collaboration Programme on Energy Efficient End-use Equipment (4E)

Energy Efficiency Measurement of Wide Bandgap Based Power Supplies
This report discusses different measurement methods to evaluate the efficiency of WBG-based power supply solutions, including electrical and calorimetric methods, and compares the performance of Si-based and GaN-based chargers.

Analysis and Loss Measurements of WBG-Based Devices
Commercial power supplies with wide-bandgap (WBG) Technology promise enhanced efficiency. PECTA analyzes WBG-based devices, supported by Swiss research, focusing on measurement concepts, loss assessments, and a deep understanding of the WBG device benefits.

Application Readiness Map for Wide Bandgap (WBG) Semiconductors
The Power Electronic Conversion Technology Annex (PECTA) Application Readiness Map for Wide Bandgap (WBG) Semiconductors describes their expected market position through 2035. It is based on interviews with many experts and various roadmaps and could be used as a basis for deciding which power semiconductor technology to choose. This report presents an updated version and the underlying assumptions.

Energy saving potential of WBG commercial power converters in different applications
This report explores the potential of wide bandgap (WBG) power semiconductor devices, such as SiC or GaN, in enhancing energy efficiency compared to traditional silicon-based systems.

Policy Brief – Energy Management Protocols
Summarises the EDNA Guide to Energy Management Protocols, which is a resource for policy makers. Gives an overview, description and categorisation of protocols, their relevance to energy management, and details of market uptake.

Wide Band Gap Technology: Energy and environmental related Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
This report reflects the results of the work: Energy and environmental related Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of PECTA, during the period 2020 to 2023. It explores the energy and material aspects and environmental impacts of selected applications incorporating WBG technology.

Policy development on energy efficiency of data centres
For data centre energy efficiency, this report provides: overview of data collection/registration projects, overview of current/planned government measures, quantitative estimates of savings from possible measures, and issues for policy makers to consider.

Improving the Mp metric for evaluation of Flicker
TLM (temporal light modulation) related measurements and calculations have become a focus with new regulations by European Commission and other regulatory authorities setting limits for TLA (temporal

Understanding LED performance: Evidence-based approaches to supporting stakeholders of energy-efficient lighting programmes
The SSL Annex takes an evidence-based approach to evaluating LED product performance. Using comprehensive market data from product registries and other sources, the Annex developed recommendations on

EPE Paper – Reliability of WBG, results of a Pre-Scoping Study
This report contains the outcome of this first study on the reliability of Wide Band Gap (WBG) components and WBG-based applications. By summarizing key findings, it leads to an outlook and discusses the next steps.

EPE Paper – Policy measures to drive WBG for end use equipment
This paper discusses different potential policy measures to support the WBG uptake in end use equipment. The EU product regulations and specifically the potential PV inverter efficiency requirements, are discussed, serving as an example.

EPE Paper – Energy saving potential of WBG-commercial power converters in different applications
This work estimates the yearly global energy savings potential of different power electronics applications featuring commercial wide bandgap (WBG)-based power converters. It is the first study analyzing real products in the market.

EPE Paper – Identifying the potential of SiC technology for PV inverters
Silicon Carbide (SiC) devices offer energy efficiency improvements over conventional silicon (Si) semiconductors. Through measurements and simulation results, this paper intends to quantify this efficiency improvement in a typical photovoltaic (PV) application. This allows designers and policy makers to better understand the benefits of SiC, enabling more informed decisions.

EPE Paper – Switching losses in power devices: From dynamic on resistance to output capacitance hysteresis
In this paper, we review some of the main methods to characterize on-state and off-state losses in wide-band-gap devices under switching conditions.

EPE Paper – Measurement of WBG-based power supplies
This paper discusses different measurement methods to evaluate the efficiency of WBG-based power supply solutions, including electrical measurement methods and their verification with calorimetric methods, and compares the performance of Si-based and GaN-based chargers.

EPE Paper – Looking beyond energy efficiency – Environmental aspects and impacts of WBG devices and applications over their life cycle
The environmental aspects and impacts of wide bandgap (WBG) materials such as Silicon Carbide (SiC) and Gallium Nitride (GaN) in specific end-use electronic applications and products have not yet been fully investigated. The design trade-offs and comparison of WBG with classic Silicon based technology for the same applications, with a life cycle thinking perspective, are only starting to emerge.

EPE Paper – Application Readiness Map for WBG-Semiconductor-Based Applications
The Power Electronic Conversion Technology Annex (PECTA) application readiness map for Wide bandgap (WBG) semiconductors describes their expected market position up to 2035. It is based on interviews with many experts and different roadmaps and could be used as one basis to decide which power semiconductor technology to choose. This paper presents an updated version and the underlying assumptions.

Policy Brief – Round Robin for Variable Speed Drives
This Policy Brief summarises the key findings of the international Round Robin for Variable Speed Drives.