Welcome To The 4E Publications Area
LED Lighting Performance Analysis: Temporal Light Modulation, 2014-2025
This report discusses how Temporal Light Modulation (TLM) metrics (i.e., short-term flicker index (PstLM) and stroboscopic effect visibility measure (SVM)) for LED lighting products evolved between 2014
Policy Brief 21: Overview of Flexibility Platforms
This Policy Brief summarises the key findings of the EDNA report – Overview of Flexibility Platforms, which assesses how flexibility platforms can facilitate the utilisation of flexibility from networked appliances, and identifies current barriers hindering their effective deployment.
Policy Brief 20: Cybersecurity for Demand Flexible Appliances
This Policy Brief summaries the key findings of the 4E EDNA report – Cybersecurity for Demand Flexible Appliances, which identifies critical cybersecurity risks and vulnerabilities in demand flexible appliances and approaches to mitigate them.
PECTA Workshop 2026
This 2026 PECTA Workshop provided an excellent opportunity for leading experts from academia, research, industry and government to learn first-hand about the activities and novel results of
Policy Brief #0 – Electric Motor Systems Platform Overview
This Policy Brief gives an overview of EMSA’s work focus until 2029 and highlights relevant work outcomes to date.
Round Robin for small, packaged air compressors & Guide to air compressor energy efficiency measurement method
This report summarises the test results of EMSA’s international round robin testing programme, exchanging two commercial, packaged electric motor-driven screw compressors between three laboratories worldwide. It includes a practical guide for measuring specific energy and isentropic efficiency of packaged air compressors in line with ISO 1217:2009 and Amendment 1:2016.
Policy Brief # 9 – Electric motor systems: why are they important?
This Policy Brief assesses the importance of electric motor systems in the global energy system. In 2023, electric motor systems were responsible for 53% of global electricity consumption. Their share in electricity consumption varies widely across sectors: 72% in industry, 36% in buildings, 87% in agriculture and 86% in the transportation sector.
Policy Brief: Data Centre Energy Efficiency Labels
This Policy Brief summarises the key findings of the 4E EDNA report: Data Centre Energy Efficiency Labels, which explores the characteristics and effectiveness of existing data centre energy efficiency labels and suggests features for a worldwide applicable labelling scheme.
Policy Brief: Public Data on Data Centre Energy Use
This Policy Brief summarises the key findings of the 4E EDNA report: Public Data on Data Centre Energy Use which examines what data on energy use by data centres is publicly available and how this can be collected, stored and presented on a regular basis.
Evaluating Electric Vehicle and Heat Pump Flexibility Potential: Linking Technology, Economics, Regulation, Behaviour and Policy
In a report, commissioned by the 4E TCP EDNA Platform and Users TCP, the Austrian Institute of Technology explores how flexibility can be understood, quantified, and enabled in practice. The report introduces a high-level model that links technical capabilities, economic drivers, behavioural aspects, and policy frameworks to estimate the overall flexibility potential of distributed assets.
Testing industrial silicon carbide Variable Speed Drives
This report report describes the results of a test series of industrial Silicon Carbide Variable Speed Drives, revealing clear efficiency advantages, but also the need for further research on challenges.
IC 2023 Nucleus Laboratory Comparison Report, Part 2: TLM Generator Artefact
This Nucleus Laboratory Comparison report – Part 2 is part of the 2023 Interlaboratory Comparison (IC 2023). IC 2023 is investigating the degree of agreement in the measurements of temporal light modulation (TLM) quantities, in particular, short-term flicker indicator (PstLM), and stroboscopic effect visibility measure (SVM).
Policy Brief: Circular Economy-Compatible Power Electronics and New Application Areas
This Policy Brief provides considerations around circular economy-compatible power electronics and new application areas. It summarises insights gained from recently published work supported by the 4E PECTA platform.
System-level Energy Efficiency Policy Modelling and Monitoring
This report explores the opportunities to extend product policy to include requirements of products within energy-using systems using modelling and monitoring within regulations.
Results of IEA 4E SSL Annex Interlaboratory Comparison on Temporal Light Modulation Measurement
Abstract: The International Energy Agency (IEA) 4E SSL Annex has conducted an Interlaboratory Comparison (IC 2023) of the measurement of temporal light modulation (TLM) of solid-state lighting
Total Energy Model 4.0 – Data Centres
This report describes the Total Energy Model (TEM) 4.0, a novel bottom-up hybrid model designed to forecast data centre energy consumption and evaluate the effect of possible policy interventions on energy use.
2024 4E Annual Report
Read the 2024 Annual Report for the IEA Technology Collaboration Programme on Energy Efficient End-use Equipment (4E)
Energy Efficiency of Servers
This study provides insights into the development of server energy efficiency over the past decade.
Data Centre Energy Use: Critical Review of Models and Results
This Study conducts a comprehensive and critical review of existing models and assessments of the energy use of data centres.
Application Readiness Map for Wide Bandgap (WBG) Semiconductors
The Power Electronic Conversion Technology Platform (PECTA) Application Readiness Map for Wide Bandgap (WBG) Semiconductors describes their expected market position through 2036. It is based on interviews
