Welcome To The 4E Publications Area
Round Robin for small, packaged air compressors & Guide to air compressor energy efficiency measurement method
This report summarises the test results of EMSA’s international round robin testing programme, exchanging two commercial, packaged electric motor-driven screw compressors between three laboratories worldwide. It includes a practical guide for measuring specific energy and isentropic efficiency of packaged air compressors in line with ISO 1217:2009 and Amendment 1:2016.
Policy Brief – Electric motor systems: why are they important?
This Policy Brief assesses the importance of electric motor systems in the global energy system. In 2023, electric motor systems were responsible for 53% of global electricity consumption. Their share in electricity consumption varies widely across sectors: 72% in industry, 36% in buildings, 87% in agriculture and 86% in the transportation sector.
Policy Brief: Data Centre Energy Efficiency Labels
This Policy Brief summarises the key findings of the 4E EDNA report: Data Centre Energy Efficiency Labels, which explores the characteristics and effectiveness of existing data centre energy efficiency labels and suggests features for a worldwide applicable labelling scheme.
Policy Brief: Public Data on Data Centre Energy Use
This Policy Brief summarises the key findings of the 4E EDNA report: Public Data on Data Centre Energy Use which examines what data on energy use by data centres is publicly available and how this can be collected, stored and presented on a regular basis.
Evaluating Electric Vehicle and Heat Pump Flexibility Potential: Linking Technology, Economics, Regulation, Behaviour and Policy
In a report, commissioned by the 4E TCP EDNA Platform and Users TCP, the Austrian Institute of Technology explores how flexibility can be understood, quantified, and enabled in practice. The report introduces a high-level model that links technical capabilities, economic drivers, behavioural aspects, and policy frameworks to estimate the overall flexibility potential of distributed assets.
Testing industrial silicon carbide Variable Speed Drives
This report report describes the results of a test series of industrial Silicon Carbide Variable Speed Drives, revealing clear efficiency advantages, but also the need for further research on challenges.
IC 2023 Nucleus Laboratory Comparison Report, Part 2: TLM Generator Artefact
This Nucleus Laboratory Comparison report – Part 2 is part of the 2023 Interlaboratory Comparison (IC 2023). IC 2023 is investigating the degree of agreement in the measurements of temporal light modulation (TLM) quantities, in particular, short-term flicker indicator (PstLM), and stroboscopic effect visibility measure (SVM).
Policy Brief: Circular Economy-Compatible Power Electronics and New Application Areas
This Policy Brief provides considerations around circular economy-compatible power electronics and new application areas. It summarises insights gained from recently published work supported by the 4E PECTA platform.
System-level Energy Efficiency Policy Modelling and Monitoring
This report explores the opportunities to extend product policy to include requirements of products within energy-using systems using modelling and monitoring within regulations.
Results of IEA 4E SSL Annex Interlaboratory Comparison on Temporal Light Modulation Measurement
Abstract: The International Energy Agency (IEA) 4E SSL Annex has conducted an Interlaboratory Comparison (IC 2023) of the measurement of temporal light modulation (TLM) of solid-state lighting
Total Energy Model 4.0 – Data Centres
This report describes the Total Energy Model (TEM) 4.0, a novel bottom-up hybrid model designed to forecast data centre energy consumption and evaluate the effect of possible policy interventions on energy use.
2024 4E Annual Report
Read the 2024 Annual Report for the IEA Technology Collaboration Programme on Energy Efficient End-use Equipment (4E)
Energy Efficiency of Servers
This study provides insights into the development of server energy efficiency over the past decade.
Data Centre Energy Use: Critical Review of Models and Results
This Study conducts a comprehensive and critical review of existing models and assessments of the energy use of data centres.
Application Readiness Map for Wide Bandgap (WBG) Semiconductors
The Power Electronic Conversion Technology Platform (PECTA) Application Readiness Map for Wide Bandgap (WBG) Semiconductors describes their expected market position through 2036. It is based on interviews
Policy Brief: Wide Bandgap Industrial Variable Speed Drives Research Roadmap
This Policy Brief highlights the importance of wide bandgap power semiconductors in industrial variable speed drives and introduces the Research Roadmap developed by EMSA in cooperation with PECTA. The Research Roadmap aims to facilitate the adoption of this new technology by addressing key challenges with dedicated research topics over the course of the next few years.
Policy Brief: Wide Bandgap Industrial Variable Speed Drives Research Roadmap
This Policy Brief highlights the importance of wide bandgap power semiconductors in industrial variable speed drives and introduces the Research Roadmap developed by EMSA in cooperation with PECTA. The Research Roadmap aims to facilitate the adoption of this new technology by addressing key challenges with dedicated research topics over the course of the next few years.
Product Policy Framework for Demand Side Flexibility: Case Studies
This report is a compilation of case studies mapping the status of residential product flexibility in seven jurisdictions using the EDNA Product Policy Framework for Demand Side Flexibility. The report aims to test the effectiveness of the framework for mapping product policy and to collate approaches across a range of jurisdictions.
Analysis of PstLM and stroboscopic visibility measure variations due to different measurement conditions
Temporal Light Artifacts (TLAs) are undesired visual perceptual effects, caused by Temporal Light Modulations (TLMs), which commonly exist in lighting systems, especially LED lighting systems. Accurate measurement of TLM and evaluation of TLA metrics, specifically the stroboscopic visibility measure (SVM) and the short-term flicker indicator (PstLM), are required by certain product safety regulations with limit values specified.
Residential HEMS and controllers
This report investigates the global home energy management system (HEMS) market addressing key questions about existing products, market penetration, product categories, interoperability, and relevant policies.
