Welcome To The 4E Publications Area
2024 4E Annual Report
Read the 2024 Annual Report for the IEA Technology Collaboration Programme on Energy Efficient End-use Equipment (4E)
Energy Efficiency of Servers
This study provides insights into the development of server energy efficiency over the past decade.
Data Centre Energy Use: Critical Review of Models and Results
This Study conducts a comprehensive and critical review of existing models and assessments of the energy use of data centres.
Application Readiness Map for Wide Bandgap (WBG) Semiconductors
The Power Electronic Conversion Technology Platform (PECTA) Application Readiness Map for Wide Bandgap (WBG) Semiconductors describes their expected market position through 2036. It is based on interviews
Policy Brief: Wide Bandgap Industrial Variable Speed Drives Research Roadmap
This Policy Brief highlights the importance of wide bandgap power semiconductors in industrial variable speed drives and introduces the Research Roadmap developed by EMSA in cooperation with PECTA. The Research Roadmap aims to facilitate the adoption of this new technology by addressing key challenges with dedicated research topics over the course of the next few years.
Policy Brief: Wide Bandgap Industrial Variable Speed Drives Research Roadmap
This Policy Brief highlights the importance of wide bandgap power semiconductors in industrial variable speed drives and introduces the Research Roadmap developed by EMSA in cooperation with PECTA. The Research Roadmap aims to facilitate the adoption of this new technology by addressing key challenges with dedicated research topics over the course of the next few years.
Product Policy Framework for Demand Side Flexibility: Case Studies
This report is a compilation of case studies mapping the status of residential product flexibility in seven jurisdictions using the EDNA Product Policy Framework for Demand Side Flexibility. The report aims to test the effectiveness of the framework for mapping product policy and to collate approaches across a range of jurisdictions.
Analysis of PstLM and stroboscopic visibility measure variations due to different measurement conditions
Temporal Light Artifacts (TLAs) are undesired visual perceptual effects, caused by Temporal Light Modulations (TLMs), which commonly exist in lighting systems, especially LED lighting systems. Accurate measurement of TLM and evaluation of TLA metrics, specifically the stroboscopic visibility measure (SVM) and the short-term flicker indicator (PstLM), are required by certain product safety regulations with limit values specified.
Residential HEMS and controllers
This report investigates the global home energy management system (HEMS) market addressing key questions about existing products, market penetration, product categories, interoperability, and relevant policies.
Advancing the energy efficiency of home energy storage systems
This report explores the energy efficiency of home energy storage systems (HESS), identifies current standards available to test HESS energy efficiency performance, identifies current barriers to lifting the minimum energy efficiency of HESS, and makes recommendations to address these barriers.
Overview of Flexibility Platforms
This report examines the ability of ‘flexibility platforms’ to unlock demand flexibility from appliances in the household and commercial sectors.
Policy Brief: Application Readiness Map for Wide Bandgap (WBG) Semiconductors
This policy brief summarizes the results of the PECTA Application Readiness Map (ARM) for Wide Bandgap (WBG) Semiconductors report and describes the expected market position through to 2035. It is based on interviews with many experts and various roadmaps and can be used as a basis for deciding, which power semiconductor technology to choose.
AC/HP Test Methods 2.0: Phase 4 Findings Summary
This report provides the results of a round-robin testing across multiple international laboratories to evaluate the reproducibility and representativeness of a new 4E TCP Test Method for Air conditioner/Heat Pump products to better reflect real life energy performance.
Data Centre Energy Efficiency Labels
This study explores energy efficiency labels for data centres by researching and analysing existing labelling schemes and making suggestions for the characteristics of a worldwide applicable data centre energy efficiency label.
Public Data on Data Centre Energy Use
This report gathers and analyses a range of publicly available data on the energy consumed by data centres.
Cybersecurity for Demand Flexible Appliances
This report focusses on cybersecurity threats in relation to demand flexible networked appliances. It investigates current efforts to address these, and summarises the issues that policy makers should be aware of in relation to minimising cybersecurity risks.
Optimized SiC PV Inverter
This report contains a detailed comparsion between a commercially available hybrid Si/SiC and a competitive full-SiC PV converter. The main objective was to provide a fair comparison in terms of semiconductor efficiency between both solutions.
Securing Additional Energy Savings in SSL: an International Lighting Technology Roadmap
Over the past 20 years, the development and adoption of-state lighting (SSL) has led to substantial improvements in the quality and efficiency of lighting. This disruptive technology enabled a decoupling of lighting and energy consumption, whereby delivered lumens of light around the world has increased while lighting-related energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions have decreased.
Interlaboratory Comparison for Temporal Light Modulation Measurement
The 4E SSLC Platform has conducted an Interlaboratory Comparison (IC 2023) for the measurement of temporal light modulation (TLM) of solid-state lighting (SSL) products. Designed to meet proficiency testing requirements, IC 2023 compared measured TLM quantities of short-term flicker indicator (PstLM) and stroboscopic effect visibility measure (SVM, MVS), as well as three other TLM quantities, of four comparison LED lamp artefacts.
Influence of AC power supply on light flicker measurements
Accurate measurement of the short term flicker indicator is important for avoiding visible flicker and for SSL products compliance with regulations. The IC2023 Interlaboratory Comparison of temporal light modulation measurements revealed large variations depending on the laboratory-grade AC power supplies used.
