Welcome To The 4E Publications Area
IC 2023 Final Report Webinar Slides
The slides from the SSLC Platform’s webinar on the findings from the international interlaboratory comparison (IC 2023) on the measurement of Temporal Light Modulation (TLM).
Plug-in Battery Energy Storage Systems
This report provides an overview of plug-in battery energy storage systems (plug-in BESS) highlighting opportunities and challenges.
Data Centres and Flexibility
This report assesses the flexibility potential of data centres and analyses challenges and opportunities for using that potential.
Liquid Cooling in Data Centres
Liquid Cooling in Data Centres maps liquid cooling technologies, analyses challenges and opportunities in implementation and the impact that liquid cooling can have on data centre energy efficiency.
Future Energy Efficiency Policy Directions for Electronic Displays – Summary
This summary provides an overview of issues to consider in developing energy efficiency test methodologies for electronic displays.
Demand Flexibility Protocols
This report looks at the current landscape of communication protocols and suggests steps to take towards solving interoperability issues.
2025 4E Annual Report
Read the 2025 Annual Report for the IEA Technology Collaboration Programme on Energy Efficient End-use Equipment (4E)
Measurement of Temporal Light Modulation Interlaboratory Comparison 2023 (IC 2023) Final Report
This is the Final Report from the SSLC Platform’s international interlaboratory comparison IC 2023 on the measurement of Temporal Light Modulation (TLM). IC 2023 was designed to evaluate how consistently laboratories around the world measure TLM quantities, covering flicker and stroboscopic effects from LED lighting products.
Policy Brief #10 – Improving the Measurement of Air Compressor Efficiency – Learnings from the EMSA Round Robin
Accurate and reproducible efficiency measurement is a prerequisite for effective energy performance policy. This new EMSA Policy Brief describes the robustness of current methods for determining the isentropic efficiency of small, packaged air compressors.
Application Readiness Map for Wide Bandgap (WBG) Semiconductors – Update 2025
A 2025 update on the PECTA Platform Application Readiness Map for Wide Bandgap (WBG) Semiconductors describes their expected market position through 2036. It is based on interviews with many experts and various roadmaps and could be used as a basis for deciding which power semiconductor technology to choose.
LED Lighting Performance Analysis: Temporal Light Modulation, 2014-2025
This report discusses how Temporal Light Modulation (TLM) metrics (i.e., short-term flicker index (PstLM) and stroboscopic effect visibility measure (SVM)) for LED lighting products evolved between 2014 to 2025.
Policy Brief: Overview of Flexibility Platforms
This Policy Brief summarises the key findings of the EDNA report – Overview of Flexibility Platforms, which assesses how flexibility platforms can facilitate the utilisation of flexibility from networked appliances, and identifies current barriers hindering their effective deployment.
Policy Brief: Cybersecurity for Demand Flexible Appliances
This Policy Brief summaries the key findings of the 4E EDNA report – Cybersecurity for Demand Flexible Appliances, which identifies critical cybersecurity risks and vulnerabilities in demand flexible appliances and approaches to mitigate them.
PECTA Workshop 2026
This 2026 PECTA Workshop provided an excellent opportunity for leading experts from academia, research, industry and government to learn first-hand about the activities and novel results of PECTA´s work. The workshop covered the readiness of different WBG applications, their reliability and emerging circular economy approaches alongside key regulatory updates.
Policy Brief #0 – Electric Motor Systems Platform Overview
This Policy Brief gives an overview of EMSA’s work focus until 2029 and highlights relevant work outcomes to date.
Round Robin for small, packaged air compressors & Guide to air compressor energy efficiency measurement method
This report summarises the test results of EMSA’s international round robin testing programme, exchanging two commercial, packaged electric motor-driven screw compressors between three laboratories worldwide. It includes a practical guide for measuring specific energy and isentropic efficiency of packaged air compressors in line with ISO 1217:2009 and Amendment 1:2016.
Policy Brief # 9 – Electric motor systems: why are they important?
This Policy Brief assesses the importance of electric motor systems in the global energy system. In 2023, electric motor systems were responsible for 53% of global electricity consumption. Their share in electricity consumption varies widely across sectors: 72% in industry, 36% in buildings, 87% in agriculture and 86% in the transportation sector.
Policy Brief: Data Centre Energy Efficiency Labels
This Policy Brief summarises the key findings of the 4E EDNA report: Data Centre Energy Efficiency Labels, which explores the characteristics and effectiveness of existing data centre energy efficiency labels and suggests features for a worldwide applicable labelling scheme.
Policy Brief: Public Data on Data Centre Energy Use
This Policy Brief summarises the key findings of the 4E EDNA report: Public Data on Data Centre Energy Use which examines what data on energy use by data centres is publicly available and how this can be collected, stored and presented on a regular basis.
Evaluating Electric Vehicle and Heat Pump Flexibility Potential: Linking Technology, Economics, Regulation, Behaviour and Policy
In a report, commissioned by the 4E TCP EDNA Platform and Users TCP, the Austrian Institute of Technology explores how flexibility can be understood, quantified, and enabled in practice. The report introduces a high-level model that links technical capabilities, economic drivers, behavioural aspects, and policy frameworks to estimate the overall flexibility potential of distributed assets.
