2024

Annual
Report

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Chair’s Statement

As well as being a corner stone of the energy transition, the use of energy efficiency to lower consumer energy bills and increase employment is being increasingly recognised.

The COP28 saw countries agree an ambitious pledge on energy efficiency. Specifically, the pledge aims to double the global annual rate of energy efficiency improvement from two percent to over four percent every year until 2030.

Enhancing the energy efficiency of end-use equipment is key in realising this aim. There are already existing polices and measures, such as efficiency and labelling requirements, which have been shown to be highly effective at improving the energy efficiency of energy-using equipment placed on markets, lower consumer bills.

The International Energy Agency’s Technology Collaboration Programme on Energy Efficiency End-use Equipment (4E TCP) provides a platform for governments with existing programmes to collaborate and share best practices for implementing and developing effective energy efficiency policies. The completion and success of the first three terms of the 4E TCP underscore its utility.

In March 2024, the 4E TCP began its fourth term, and I am delighted to have taken the position of 4E TCP Chair. The fourth term has commenced with renewed vigour and expanded horizons. The goals for this term include continuing with conventional efficiency measures while also focusing on emerging areas, such demand flexibility, system-wide improvements and the rise of new end-uses such as data centres. These efforts will align with the overarching aims of governments and the global energy transition, ensuring that energy systems become more adaptable and resilient.

This report provides summaries of our activities and achievements in 2024, which I hope you find informative and inspiring.

The ongoing success of 4E TCP would not have been possible without the unwavering support of its members. As we embark on this new term, I extend my gratitude to all member countries and stakeholders for their dedication and contribution to advancing global energy efficiency. Together, we can continue to drive progress towards a sustainable and energy-efficient future.

Image of Thore Stenfeldt, Chair of 4E

Thore Stenfeldt

Chair | Denmark

The Role played by 4E

At the COP28 summit at the end of 2023, nearly 200 countries reached a landmark agreement to work together to collectively double the global average annual rate of energy efficiency improvements by 2030.

IEA Energy Efficiency, 2024

4E aims to promote energy efficiency as the key to ensuring safe, reliable, affordable and sustainable energy systems.

Vision

4E’s vision is to see products and systems optimised to accelerate the transition to a safe, reliable, affordable, and sustainable energy future

Mission

4E engages with member governments to promote improved and innovative energy efficiency policy as the key to ensuring, reliable, affordable and sustainable energy systems. 4E is an international platform for collaboration that harnesses the expertise of governments, industry, experts and other organisations focused on the development and deployment of energy efficient equipment and systems within all non-transport sectors.

Benefits of participating in 4E

The 4E effect

Feedback from 4E Members, 2022

Overview of 4E Structure and Activities

Executive Committee

4E is managed by an Executive Committee (ExCo) comprising one voting delegate from each of the 15 Members.

The ExCo manages the work programme of 4E, including the dissemination of 4E’s research results. Secretariat functions for the ExCo are provided by the Programme Manager, funded by annual membership fees.

With the start of the fourth 4E term, the ExCo will meet every 4-5 months, alternating between a physical in-person ExCo meetings and shorter online ExCo meetings. Making use of online meetings was done to reduce transport CO2 emissions and costs to members.

Since March 2024, Thore Stenfeldt (Denmark) has been the 4E Chair, for a term of two years. At the same time, Hans-Paul Siderius (Netherlands), Brian Fitzgerald (New Zealand), Ashley Armstrong (United States) and Laura Gritt (United Kingdom) were approved as 4E Vice-Chairs for a two-year period.

The 33rd ExCo meeting of the ExCo was held in Golden, Colorado, United States in September 2024. The following ExCo took place on line in January 2025. A full list of the 15 Members of the ExCo during 2024 is shown in Attachment 1.

The next physical ExCo meeting will take place in Denmark in May 2025.

Attendance at 
2024/25 ExCo meetings

33rd ExCo United States

  • Australia
  • Austria
  • Canada
  • China
  • Denmark
  • European Commission
  • France
  • Japan
  • Korea
  • Netherlands
  • New Zealand
  • Sweden
  • Switzerland
  • United Kingdom
  • United States

Attendance at
2022 ExCo meetings

34th ExCo Online

  • Australia
  • Austria
  • Canada
  • China
  • Denmark
  • European Commission
  • France
  • Japan
  • Korea
  • Netherlands
  • New Zealand
  • Sweden
  • Switzerland
  • United Kingdom
  • United States
  • Observers - IEA

Benefit of participating in 4E

Lessons learnt from different countries

Early warning of energy efficiency regulations

Working together on specific problems/tasks

Access to peers and world leading subject matter experts

Platforms

Platforms provide a mechanism for collaborative research amongst 4E Members on key technologies or topics.

Platform managers are paid to manage and coordinate the platforms on behalf of the members.

The 4E structure is show below, and this highlights the four existing 4E Platforms.

Until February 2024, Platforms were termed Annexes. Under the 4th 4E term, EDNA (previously Electronic Devices and Networked Appliances Annex) and SSLC (previously, the Solid State Lighting Annex) also renamed their platforms.

Reports on all currently operating Platforms are included later in this report.

Energy consumption of appliances is increasing, but energy efficiency offers rapid improvements due to high turnover rates.

IEA Energy Efficiency 2024

4E Tasks

4E Tasks are developed and funded by the Executive Committee to assist the development and implementation of policies for energy efficient
end-use equipment.

These research activities cover a wide range of technologies and cross-cutting issues and benefit from the collective insights provided by all 4E Members.

During 2024, the notable achievements of the some prominent 4E Tasks are illustrated on the following pages.

Product Energy Efficiency Trends (PEET)

The PEET Task assists 4E Members to understand the performance of products across economies and regions and over time.

It does this by examining the scope and stringency of regulatory policies within 4E economies and using crawling technology to scan product offered for sale on websites.

Regular PEET workshops enable policy makers and regulators to conduct deep dives into the scope, test methods and stringency of national regulations to understand the national variations and potential for closer alignment. It also facilitates the transference of innovative policy approaches between regions, speeding up the implementation of effective policies.

In addition to getting market information, 4E also holds workshops on topics. 4E members met in 2024 for four workshops to discuss the following important topics:

The PEET Task assists 4E Members to understand the performance of products across economies and regions and over time.

  • Heat pump installers (25 June, online)
  • Home energy management systems (September, Colorado, United States)
  • Home battery systems (September, Colorado, United States)
  • Photovoltaic (PV) inverters (September, Colorado, United States)

Whilst government policy may aim to increase energy efficiency to benefit its citizens, environment, and business, any increase in the initial purchase prices can be problematic, thus important to understand.

The 4E has been looking at obtaining information on prices for products sold online, as a means to obtain real time prices being offered to consumers. These data collected include the product features (such as screen size for televisions). The latest run was complete at the end of 2023, with an initial analyse completed in 2024, and new runs planned for 2025.

The analysed data provide simple statistics, such as purchase price, efficiency, and features (such as size), but can also be used for more sophisticated analysis. Initial regression analysis shows that correlation between price and efficiency is not significant for some products in different markets.

It does this by examining the scope and stringency of regulatory policies within 4E economies and using crawling technology to scan product offered for sale on websites.
Regular PEET workshops enable policy makers and regulators to conduct deep dives into the scope, test methods and stringency of national regulations to understand the national variations and potential for closer alignment. It also facilitates the transference of innovative policy approaches between regions, speeding up the implementation of effective policies.

In addition to getting market information, 4E also holds workshops on topics. 4E members met in 2024 for four workshops to discuss the following important topics:

  • Heat pump installers (25 June, online)
  • Home energy management systems (September, Colorado, United States)
  • Home battery systems (September, Colorado, United States)
  • Photovoltaic (PV) inverters (September, Colorado, United States)

Whilst government policy may aim to increase energy efficiency to benefit its citizens, environment, and business, any increase in the initial purchase prices can be problematic, thus important to understand.

The 4E has been looking at obtaining information on prices for products sold online, as a means to obtain real time prices being offered to consumers. These data collected include the product features (such as screen size for televisions). The latest run was complete at the end of 2023, with an initial analyse completed in 2024, and new runs planned for 2025.

The analysed data provide simple statistics, such as purchase price, efficiency, and features (such as size), but can also be used for more sophisticated analysis. Initial regression analysis shows that correlation between price and efficiency is not significant for some products in different markets.

Figure 1: Size of televisions for sale online (inches)

Figure 1: Size of televisions for sale online (inches)

Heat Pump and Air conditioners – results of a round robin from a new load testing procedure

Image of report of Heat Pump and Air conditioners – results of a round robin from a new load testing procedure

4E previously developed a new test procedure to better reflect the benefits of dynamic load control, beyond a test which locks the fans and compressors at a fixed speed.

4E published a report which provides the results of a round-robin testing across multiple international laboratories to evaluate the reproducibility and representativeness of this new Test Method for air conditioner and heat pump products.

The key takeaways on the new 4E TCP test method:

  • has high reproducibility. Comparing results from lab to lab, the coefficients of variance were below 10% in all but one test condition for one unit.
  • is more representative than locked controls tests. The 4E Test Method highlights differences in efficiency when compared to locked-controls testing.
  • has a higher test burden than locked controls tests; though a virtual building load can help improve the stability of units.

The 4E Test Method is already influencing test procedures. The United States regulatory test procedure for air conditioners and heat pumps now includes a controls verification procedure based on the 4E method. By incorporating a virtual building load, the research team expects the 4E Test Method will improve the representativeness of air conditioner and heat pump testing in other jurisdictions as well.

Image of report of Heat Pump and Air conditioners – results of a round robin from a new load testing procedure

Heat Pump and Air conditioners – results of a round robin from a new load testing procedure

4E previously developed a new test procedure to better reflect the benefits of dynamic load control, beyond a test which locks the fans and compressors at a fixed speed.

4E published a report which provides the results of a round-robin testing across multiple international laboratories to evaluate the reproducibility and representativeness of this new Test Method for air conditioner and heat pump products.

Image of report of Heat Pump and Air conditioners – results of a round robin from a new load testing procedure

The key takeaways on the new 4E TCP test method:

  • has high reproducibility. Comparing results from lab to lab, the coefficients of variance were below 10% in all but one test condition for one unit.
  • is more representative than locked controls tests. The 4E Test Method highlights differences in efficiency when compared to locked-controls testing.
  • has a higher test burden than locked controls tests; though a virtual building load can help improve the stability of units.

The 4E Test Method is already influencing test procedures. The United States regulatory test procedure for air conditioners and heat pumps now includes a controls verification procedure based on the 4E method. By incorporating a virtual building load, the research team expects the 4E Test Method will improve the representativeness of air conditioner and heat pump testing in other jurisdictions as well.

Figure 1: Illustrative 4E Test Method Flow Chart

PEET workshop on Insights into heat pump installers

An online 4E internal workshop to examine issues around heat pumps installers was undertaken in June.

The main areas examined were initiatives to mitigate market shortcomings for installing heat pumps in residential settings. The findings were focussed on (i) increasing the availability and capacity of Installers, and (ii) to increase the quality of heat pump installations.

4E will continue to examine best policy for heat pumps in 2025, especially for regulators of energy efficiency.

Co-ordination with IEA and other organisations

As one of over 30 Technology Collaboration Programmes (TCPs) established under the framework of the International Energy Agency (IEA), the 4E TCP has a particularly close relationship with the IEA Secretariat and other TCPs.

The collaborative activities of 4E in 2024 included:

  • Delivering webinars in partnership with the IEA
  • Making contributions to the IEA flagship publication ‘Energy Efficiency 2024’.
  • Supporting three new TCP coordination groups, including one on Heat Pumps, Demand flexibility,
    and the renewed Building Co-ordination group.
  • Exchanges with the IEA’s Energy Efficiency Division at the meetings of the 4E Executive Committee.

Intergovernmental and Standardisation Organisations

4E engages continuously with a range of intergovernmental organisations, including but not limited to:
  • The Energy Efficiency Hub – particularly the The Digitalisation Working Group
  • The Clean Energy Ministerial – particularly through the IEA and SEAD
  • The Super-Efficient Equipment and Appliances Deployment Initiative (SEAD)
  • United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) – particularly through United for Efficiency (U4E)
  • International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

4E EMSA has been at the forefront of the establishment of the ISO & IEC Joint Advisory Group: JAG 22, Efficiency (ACEE), which represents an important milestone in energy efficiency standardisation. Its role is to advise, guide and co-ordinate activities in ISO and IEC relating to optimising the energy consumption of Electric Driven Machine Units.

4E EMSA was an advisory board member of the European Motor Renovation Initiative (EU-MORE), exploring opportunities for the replacement of inefficient motors.

Industry and Academia

4E has extensive contact with a variety of industry organisations and companies. The 4E TCP runs workshops to gain industry input to 4E’s work. These tend to focus on private sector companies related to our workstreams, such as suppliers of motor systems, solid state lighting, power electronics, ICT equipment and air conditioning.

Depending on the topic, we may also seek industry comments on our published materials or conduct formal consultation processes. 4E Members also participate in many formal standardisation processes, contributing to the results of work undertaken by 4E, which has often been commissioned specially to inform standards development.

Some of 4E’s Platforms have specific advisory groups formed from academia and relevant industries.

Platform Achievements in 2024

The following pages shows the key achievements of the four 4E TCP platforms

EMSA activities provide broad policy support for improving the energy efficiency of electric motor driven systems in industry, buildings and the energy sector.

In 2024 the work centred around closing the last 5-year period and starting the activities of the new 5-year period, until 2029, including new research topics, such as demand flexibility in industrial motor systems, wide bandgap industrial variable speed drives, or future policies for efficient motor systems.

EMSA continues work on coordination on and improving of energy efficiency testing standards and providing related calculation tools. EMSA’s work lays the ground for designing and implementing efficient policies through evidence-based research, information and experience exchange and awareness raising.

EMSA compliments work done by national regulators, international standardisation organisations, non-governmental organisations and relevant initiatives in the field, by working on topics of interest that are not researched in detail by others, or by contributing with specific knowledge of EMSA experts.

Platform Participants

  • Australia
  • Austria
  • Denmark
  • European Commission
  • Netherlands
  • New Zealand
  • Sweden
  • Switzerland
  • United States

EMSA activities provide broad policy support for improving the energy efficiency of electric motor driven systems in industry, buildings and the energy sector.

In 2024 the work centred around closing the last 5-year period and starting the activities of the new 5-year period, until 2029, including new research topics, such as demand flexibility in industrial motor systems, wide bandgap industrial variable speed drives, or future policies for efficient motor systems.

EMSA continues work on coordination on and improving of energy efficiency testing standards and providing related calculation tools. EMSA’s work lays the ground for designing and implementing efficient policies through evidence-based research, information and experience exchange and awareness raising.

EMSA compliments work done by national regulators, international standardisation organisations, non-governmental organisations and relevant initiatives in the field, by working on topics of interest that are not researched in detail by others, or by contributing with specific knowledge of EMSA experts.

Platform Participants

  • Australia
  • Austria
  • Denmark
  • European Commission
  • Netherlands
  • New Zealand
  • Sweden
  • Switzerland
  • United States

Major Achievements During 2024

Publication of four reports on the digitalisation of electric motor systems (see below). With these reports, EMSA contributed to the body of knowledge with evidence-based research in this domain, offering practical technical and policy advice, thereby providing guidance and enhancing international exchange on policy experience, challenges and lessons learned. Two out the four reports were referenced in the Danfoss Impact Issue no. 6 on Competitive decarbonisation (2024).

EMSA in collaboration with PECTA drew up a wide bandgap industrial Variable Speed Drives Research Roadmap, which serves as a planning and coordination tool for input to the upcoming White Book on Wide Bandgap Semiconductors for Industrial Variable Speed Drives. The White Book will aim to address the barriers to the adoption of Silicon Carbide (SiC) and Gallium Nitride (GaN) for industrial Variable Speed Drives.

EMSA representatives presented key EMSA work outcomes to a broader audience at four of the Motors Academy webinar series (see below). Through this channel, EMSA contributed to raising awareness on the savings potential of motor systems through digitalisation, building capacities for the assessment of system level savings through the use of the Motor Systems Tool, enhancing exchange on international standards and Minimum Energy Performance Standards and keeping track of technology trends with regard to wide bandgap industrial Variable Speed Drives.

EMSA published on its website a world map showing the status of MEPS worldwide, for motors and VSDs. This is complemented with an overview of the related standards, and the underlying national sources.

VIEW MAP

EMSA published on its website a world map showing the status of MEPS worldwide, for motors and VSDs. This is complemented with an overview of the related standards, and the underlying national sources.

VIEW MAP

During the 13th international conference on Energy Efficiency in Motor Driven Systems (eemods’24), EMSA played an active role through participation in the International Programme Committee, several speakers including a keynote speech on current and future EMSA activities, EMSA representatives acting as session chairs and EMSA being among the sponsors of the conference. Two EMSA representatives from Switzerland were directly involved in the conference organisation committee. This conference is the major event in the field of efficient electric motor systems and offers an excellent opportunity for knowledge and experience exchange among a wide range of stakeholders, including policy makers, academia and industry, enhancing a global dialogue.

EMSA works within IEC’s ACEE on harmonisation and further alignment of energy efficiency standardisation for systems. The newly published Guide 118 assists standard makers in applying a systems approach into their standards.

The SSLC Platform provides information and analysis that supports regulatory processes in several countries, and works to improve international lighting test standards and metrology.

With the European Commission joining as a new Member in 2024, the SSLC Platform now constitutes seven active Members working across the eight tasks in the workplan.

Globally, lighting accounts for approximately 12 percent of end-use electricity, and Solid State Lighting (SSL) and Controls have the potential to reduce that consumption by 50% or more. The policy-focused work of the Smart Sustainability in Lighting and Controls (SSLC) Platform covers four critical areas:

1. SSL product quality and performance;

2. SSL testing, metrics and standards;

3. Public health, productivity and environmental impacts; and

4. Smart lighting, digitalisation and connectivity.

The collaborative work of the SSLC Platform ensures that member governments can undertake efforts that have bigger impact than any individual member government could achieve on their own. This includes time, resources, information exchange and knowledge transfer. The SSLC Platform’s work is primarily conducted through in-kind contributions from member country’s national Experts. The quality of the outcomes is enhanced through the frequent international cooperation of our Experts.

Platform Participants

  • Australia
  • Denmark
  • European Commission
  • France
  • Korea
  • Sweden
  • United Kingdom

Platform Observers

  • Japan
  • European Commission

The SSLC Platform provides information and analysis that supports regulatory processes in several countries, and works to improve international lighting test standards and metrology.

With the European Commission joining as a new Member in 2024, the SSLC Platform now constitutes seven active Members working across the eight tasks in the workplan.

Globally, lighting accounts for approximately 12 percent of end-use electricity, and Solid State Lighting (SSL) and Controls have the potential to reduce that consumption by 50% or more. The policy-focused work of the Smart Sustainability in Lighting and Controls (SSLC) Platform covers four critical areas:

1. SSL product quality and performance;

2. SSL testing, metrics and standards;

3. Public health, productivity and environmental impacts; and

4. Smart lighting, digitalisation and connectivity.

The collaborative work of the SSLC Platform ensures that member governments can undertake efforts that have bigger impact than any individual member government could achieve on their own. This includes time, resources, information exchange and knowledge transfer. The SSLC Platform’s work is primarily conducted through in-kind contributions from member country’s national Experts. The quality of the outcomes is enhanced through the frequent international cooperation of our Experts.

Platform Participants

  • Australia
  • Denmark
  • France
  • Korea
  • Sweden
  • United Kingdom

Platform Observers

  • Japan
  • European Commission

Major Achievements During 2024

Health Effects of Solid-State Lighting: In 2024, the SSLC Platform published a comprehensive review of the scientific knowledge from the last ten years on the effects of solid state lighting (SSL) on human health. The report was followed by a series of international webinars presenting different aspects of the review: Temporal Light Modulation (TLM), often referred to as “flicker”, Circadian and Neuro-Behavioural Effects, and Photobiological Safety and Glare. 655 people registered for the webinars and over 300 people attended live. The report is primarily intended for policymakers, offering guidance on lighting and health.

Health Effects of Solid-State Lighting: In 2024, the SSLC Platform published a comprehensive review of the scientific knowledge from the last ten years on the effects of solid state lighting (SSL) on human health. The report was followed by a series of international webinars presenting different aspects of the review: Temporal Light Modulation (TLM), often referred to as “flicker”, Circadian and Neuro-Behavioural Effects, and Photobiological Safety and Glare. 655 people registered for the webinars and over 300 people attended live. The report is primarily intended for policymakers, offering guidance on lighting and health.

Temporal Light Modulation (TLM) Interlaboratory Comparison (IC 2023): Commonly known as “flicker”, government policies are setting limits on TLM. IC 2023 is to help support laboratories getting accredited for the TLM metrics. It was found that approximately two-thirds of the participants in IC 2023 did not meet acceptable measurement accuracy, and many labs had problems with “noisy” power supplies in the laboratory affecting the measurements. Research findings were shared with the IEC, IES and CIE. Individual lab test reports were issued that can be used for labs applying for accreditation. The final report is under development.

Continued interaction with global standardisation bodies and industry, and participation in events. Platform representatives have presented scientific papers and presentations in five different events globally, promoting our outputs within industry and standardisation communities. The interaction with standardisation bodies is crucial since it helps make sure standards are useful and relevant for the policy making and regulatory bodies around the world.

EDNA provides policy guidance aimed at improving the energy efficiency of smart, demand flexible, connected appliances and their associated systems.

During the 4th 4E TCP term (2024 to 2029) EDNA will further increase its focus on ‘demand flexible’ appliances. These devices, empowering consumers, are able to react to requirements from the grid, for example to increase or decrease power consumption in response to energy generation patterns, or to react to local demand constraints. Having such appliances installed is crucial to a net zero energy grid – their potential to reduce the requirement for expensive energy storage is substantial. Accelerating the uptake of demand flexible appliances will speed up, and should lower the cost of, the clean energy transition.

In 2024, EDNA changed its name to Efficient, Demand Flexible Networked Appliances. The objective of the platform is to provide analysis and policy guidance to members and other governments aimed at improving the energy efficiency and demand flexibility of connected appliances and networks.

EDNA’s entry point to this topic remains at the appliance level. EDNA will also continue its intensive work on the energy efficiency of data centres, and as required by governments may choose to undertake further work on the efficiency of connected appliances themselves (for example, home energy storage systems).

Accelerating the uptake of demand flexible appliances will speed up, and should lower the cost, of the clean energy transition.

Platform Participants

  • Australia
  • Austria
  • Canada
  • Denmark
  • European Commission
  • France
  • Japan
  • Korea
  • Netherlands
  • New Zealand
  • Sweden
  • Switzerland
  • United Kingdom
  • United States

Major Achievements During 2024

In 2024 EDNA published several policy briefs which synthesise its work to date in the area of demand flexible appliances. These covered topics, such as energy management protocols and interoperability, are critically important for operating appliances within a demand flexible system, and provide guidance for retrofitting of ‘dumb’ appliances so they may participate in these systems.

In 2024 EDNA published several policy briefs which synthesise its work to date in the area of demand flexible appliances. These covered topics, such as energy management protocols and interoperability, are critically important for operating appliances within a demand flexible system, and provide guidance for retrofitting of ‘dumb’ appliances so they may participate in these systems.

In 2024 EDNA published several policy briefs which synthesise its work to date in the area of demand flexible appliances. These covered topics, such as energy management protocols and interoperability, are critically important for operating appliances within a demand flexible system, and provide guidance for retrofitting of ‘dumb’ appliances so they may participate in these systems.

In 2024 EDNA launched two new major workstreams: on demand flexible networked appliances, and on the energy efficiency of data centres. Within each of these, a number of tasks commenced, and the first report from the demand flexible appliances workstream was published – a detailed report providing guidance on improving cybersecurity for demand flexible appliances, which is also a critical necessity for all equipment connected as part of a smart energy system.

The new workstream on the energy efficiency of data centres yielded two reports in 2024. Both of these relate to transparency of the energy used within data centres. The first was a collation and synthesis of the current schemes for publishing data centre energy use, and the second built on this work to begin to examine energy labelling for data centres.

In addition to these early publications, numerous other tasks were launched within EDNA’s two major workstreams. These will yield publications in 2025, covering topics including appliance capabilities, home energy management systems, flexibility platforms, data centre energy modelling and the energy efficiency of servers.

The PECTA platform is exploring the energy saving potential offered by new semiconductor materials in power electronic applications, focusing on wide bandgap semiconductors like silicon carbide and gallium nitride.

These WBG semiconductors come with superior material characteristics when compared to traditional silicon-based components, potentially resulting in energy savings across various power electronics applications (e.g., cell phone/laptop chargers, PV inverters, DC-wall boxes).

By analysing performance gains in these different applications, PECTA supports policy makers to focus on those applications that show the most promising results not only in terms of energy efficiency but also considering the whole life cycle.

PECTA also identifies barriers to adoption and works to address different critical aspects via research and industry collaboration. Furthermore, PECTA supports standardisation efforts to ensure that energy savings achieved through wide bandgap (WBG) semiconductors are maximised across different sectors. PECTA stands out with its strong collaboration between industry (industry advisory group), academia (academic advisory group) and policy makers. Unlike standalone research projects, PECTA’s network fosters direct engagement between scientists, manufacturers, and regulators. Its emphasis on life-cycle assessments distinguishes it from purely performance-driven initiatives, ensuring a broader perspective on sustainability. Additionally, PECTA collaborates with international organisations to harmonise approaches. In addition, the topics conducted by PECTA actively contribute to the global initiative to reduce GHG emissions, and support the clean energy transition.

Platform Participants

  • Austria
  • Denmark
  • European Commission
  • Sweden
  • Switzerland

Platform Observers

  • Japan
  • Netherlands
  • New Zealand

Major Achievements During 2024

Successful completion of PECTA’s 1st term: The successful completion of PECTA’s first term demonstrated its achievements in building a strong network and delivering impactful results. Through effective dissemination efforts, PECTA actively contributed to advancing 4E’s goals by sharing key insights and promoting energy-efficient technologies. The approval of PECTA’s 2nd term reflects the strong confidence and continued support from the 4E ExCo. It demonstrates trust and confidence in the platform’s future impact on further promoting energy efficient technology.

European Commission: The involvement of the European Commission’s strengthens policy support and ensures that research findings can translate into effective regulations, accelerating the adoption of energy-efficient technologies. This alignment with policymakers helps to increase energy savings through policies and incentives. It directly supports 4E’s mission by embedding PECTA’s work into broader energy efficiency initiatives at a European level.

PECTA presentations at ECPE events: By sharing insights with industry and academia, PECTA fosters greater awareness and adoption of energy-efficient power electronics. These engagements encourage collaboration. This outreach helps 4E and PECTA drive industry-wide improvements by ensuring key stakeholders are informed and engaged.

PECTA publications: The published reports provide not only summaries of the different outcomes but also detailed insights in the 1st term 2nd phase tasks (A-G) and its results. The topics were ranging (amongst others) from investigating different ways on how to improve energy efficiency for different power electronic applications via adopting WBG, validating new measurement techniques, LCA considerations and the impact and timing of policy measures. They directly contribute to 4E’s goal of knowledge dissemination.

VIEW PUBLICATIONS

PECTA publications: The published reports provide not only summaries of the different outcomes but also detailed insights in the 1st term 2nd phase tasks (A-G) and its results. The topics were ranging (amongst others) from investigating different ways on how to improve energy efficiency for different power electronic applications via adopting WBG, validating new measurement techniques, LCA considerations and the impact and timing of policy measures. They directly contribute to 4E’s goal of knowledge dissemination.

4E Outreach and Communication

4E uses a wide range of channels to reach its target audience, including technical reports, webinars, workshops, 2-page policy briefs, and newsletters.

4E Group Finances

In 2024, the total cost of 4E activities is estimated to be approximately €2 million.

4E activities are made possible through the contributions of member countries: taking the form of annual fees and substantial in-kind work by national experts. In 2024, the annual fees was matched by a similar amount as in-kind activity.

The large majority of funding is directed towards 4E research activities. Approximately 23% of funds were used for communication, while only 6% were spent on administration and financial management, the same as in the previous year.

4E membership fees, 2024

ExCo and Platform membership fees are set according to the agreed annual work programme and therefore may vary from year to year. However, the membership fees have not altered since 2016 and are considered by existing Members to represent excellent value for money.

Attachments

Australia

PRIMARY

Mr Martin Squire
Branch Head, Residential Energy Efficiency Branch
Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water

Australia

PRIMARY

Mr Martin Squire
Branch Head, Residential Energy Efficiency Branch
Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water

ALTERNATE

Mr Gary James
Assistant Manager, GEMS Policy & Legislation
Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water

ALTERNATE

Mr Gary James
Assistant Manager, GEMS Policy & Legislation
Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water

Austria

PRIMARY

Dr Adriana Diaz
Ecodesign Company GmbH
Engineering and Management Consultancy

Austria

PRIMARY

Dr Adriana Diaz
Ecodesign Company GmbH
Engineering and Management Consultancy

ALTERNATE

Mr Michael Hübner
Federal Ministry for Transport, Innovation and Technology

ALTERNATE

Mr Michael Hübner
Federal Ministry for Transport, Innovation and Technology

Canada

PRIMARY

Ms Laureen Chung (from 7 October 2024)
Deputy Director, Equipment & Housing Division
Office of Energy Efficiency, Natural Resources Canada

Canada

PRIMARY

Ms Laureen Chung (from 7 October 2024)
Deputy Director, Equipment & Housing Division
Office of Energy Efficiency, Natural Resources Canada

ALTERNATE

Mr Jamie Hulan
Director, Homes & Communities Division
Office of Energy Efficiency, Natural Resources Canada

ALTERNATE

Mr Jamie Hulan
Director, Homes & Communities Division
Office of Energy Efficiency, Natural Resources Canada

China

PRIMARY

Mr Lin Ling
Director of Resource and Environment
China National Institute of Standardization

China

PRIMARY

Mr Lin Ling
Director of Resource and Environment
China National Institute of Standardization

ALTERNATE

Mr Liu Meng
Associate Researcher
China National Institute of Standardization

ALTERNATE

Mr Liu Meng
Associate Researcher
China National Institute of Standardization

Denmark

PRIMARY

Mr Thore Stenfeldt (Chair)
Advisor
Danish Energy Agency

Denmark

PRIMARY

Mr Thore Stenfeldt (Chair)
Advisor
Danish Energy Agency

ALTERNATE

Mr Jakob Wulff Anderson
Advisor
Danish Energy Agency

ALTERNATE

Mr Jakob Wulff Anderson
Advisor
Danish Energy Agency

European
Commission

PRIMARY

Mr Niels Ladefoged
Directorate-General for Energy
European Commission

European
Commission

PRIMARY

Mr Niels Ladefoged
Directorate-General for Energy
European Commission

ALTERNATE

Mr Ronald Piers de Raveschoot
Directorate-General for Energy
European Commission

ALTERNATE

Mr Ronald Piers de Raveschoot
Directorate-General for Energy
European Commission

France

PRIMARY

Prof. Georges Zissis
Head of Light & Matter Research Group
Universite Toulouse III/LAPLACE

France

PRIMARY

Prof. Georges Zissis
Head of Light & Matter Research Group
Universite Toulouse III/LAPLACE

ALTERNATE

Ms Therese Kreitz
Responsible for International Affairs
ADEME

ALTERNATE

Ms Therese Kreitz
Responsible for International Affairs
ADEME

Japan

PRIMARY

Mr Masato Futagami
Director, Frontier Department
NEDO

Japan

PRIMARY

Mr Masato Futagami
Director, Frontier Department
NEDO

ALTERNATE

Dr Tohru Shimizu
Senior Researcher, Climate Change Policy Group
The Institute of Energy Economics (IEEJ)

ALTERNATE

Dr Tohru Shimizu
Senior Researcher, Climate Change Policy Group
The Institute of Energy Economics (IEEJ)

Korea

PRIMARY

Ms Hyung-Il Kang
Korea Energy Agency

Korea

PRIMARY

Ms Hyung-Il Kang
Korea Energy Agency

ALTERNATE

Ms Eun-Mi Ok
Korea Energy Agency

ALTERNATE

Ms Eun-Mi Ok
Korea Energy Agency

Netherlands

PRIMARY

Mr Hans-Paul Siderius (Vice-Chair)
Senior Expert
Netherlands Enterprise Agency

Netherlands

PRIMARY

Mr Hans-Paul Siderius (Vice-Chair)
Senior Expert
Netherlands Enterprise Agency

ALTERNATE

Ms Diandra D. van Duijn
Ministry of Climate and Green Growth

ALTERNATE

Ms Diandra D. van Duijn
Ministry of Climate and Green Growth

New Zealand

PRIMARY

Mr Brian Fitzgerald (Vice-Chair)
Standards and Regulations
Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority (EECA)

New Zealand

PRIMARY

Mr Brian Fitzgerald (Vice-Chair)
Standards and Regulations
Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority (EECA)

Sweden

PRIMARY

Mr Carlos Lopes
Coordinator for Ecodesign and Energy Labelling
The Swedish Energy Agency, Testlab

Sweden

PRIMARY

Mr Carlos Lopes
Coordinator for Ecodesign and Energy Labelling
The Swedish Energy Agency, Testlab

ALTERNATE

Ms Linn Stengard
Head of Unit for Ecodesign and Energy Labelling
The Swedish Energy Agency, Testlab

ALTERNATE

Ms Linn Stengard
Head of Unit for Ecodesign and Energy Labelling
The Swedish Energy Agency, Testlab

Switzerland

PRIMARY

Dr Michael Moser
Scientific Advisor, Energy Research Section
Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE)

Switzerland

PRIMARY

Dr Michael Moser
Scientific Advisor, Energy Research Section
Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE)

ALTERNATE

Mr Roland Brüniger
Swiss Federal Office of Energie c/o Wafe Technology GmbH

Dr Paul Stadler
Appliances and Competitive Tenders Section
Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE)

ALTERNATE

Mr Roland Brüniger
Swiss Federal Office of Energie c/o Wafe Technology GmbH

Dr Paul Stadler
Appliances and Competitive Tenders Section
Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE)

United Kingdom

PRIMARY

Ms Tara Deshpande
Deputy Director, Buildings and Electricity, Clean Heat Directorate
Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy

United Kingdom

PRIMARY

Ms Tara Deshpande
Deputy Director, Buildings and Electricity, Clean Heat Directorate
Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy

ALTERNATE

Ms Laura Gritt (Vice-Chair)
Senior Policy Advisor, Energy-related Products Team
Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy

ALTERNATE

Ms Laura Gritt (Vice-Chair)
Senior Policy Advisor, Energy-related Products Team
Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy

United States

PRIMARY

Mr Jeremy Dommu
Electronic Products Manager
Building Technologies Office, U.S. Department of Energy

United States

PRIMARY

Mr Jeremy Dommu
Electronic Products Manager
Building Technologies Office,
U.S. Department of Energy

* Delegates at end of January 2025

February

EDNA

Report – Policy development on energy efficiency of data centres

February

EDNA

Report – Policy development on energy efficiency of data centres

PECTA

Wide Bandgap Technology: Energy and environmental related Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

PECTA

Wide Bandgap Technology: Energy and environmental related Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

March

EDNA

Policy Brief – Energy Management Protocols

March

EDNA

Policy Brief – Energy Management Protocols

PECTA

Energy saving potential of WBG commercial power converters in different applications

PECTA

Application Readiness Map for Wide Bandgap (WBG) Semiconductors

PECTA

Analysis and Loss Measurements of WBG-Based Devices

PECTA

Energy Efficiency Measurement of Wide Bandgap Based Power Supplies

PECTA

Energy saving potential of WBG commercial power converters in different applications

PECTA

Application Readiness Map for Wide Bandgap (WBG) Semiconductors

PECTA

Analysis and Loss Measurements of WBG-Based Devices

PECTA

Energy Efficiency Measurement of Wide Bandgap Based Power Supplies

April

4E

Annual Report 2023

PECTA

Newsletter

April

4E

Annual Report 2023

PECTA

Newsletter

April-June

EMSA

Newsletter in English, Chinese, Japanese, Spanish

April -June

EMSA

Newsletter in English, Chinese, Japanese, Spanish

May

EMSA

Digitalisation in electric motor systems – Part III: Catalogue of case studies

EMSA

Digitalisation in electric motor systems – Part IV: Energy consumption due to the digitalisation of electric motor systems

May

EMSA

Digitalisation in electric motor systems – Part III: Catalogue of case studies

EMSA

Digitalisation in electric motor systems – Part IV: Energy consumption due to the digitalisation of electric motor systems

EDNA

Policy Brief – Interoperability

EDNA

Policy Brief – Harnessing Smart and Dumb Devices

EDNA

Policy Brief – Policy Development on Energy Efficiency of Data Centres

EDNA

Policy Brief – Interoperability

EDNA

Policy Brief – Harnessing Smart and Dumb Devices

EDNA

Policy Brief – Policy Development on Energy Efficiency of Data Centres

SSLC

International Lighting Seminar: Perspectives on Sustainability, Performance, Health & Smart Lighting

SSLC

International Lighting Seminar: Perspectives on Sustainability, Performance, Health & Smart Lighting

June

EMSA

Digitalisation in electric motor systems – Part I: Findings for policy makers

EMSA

Digitalisation in electric motor systems – Part II: Technical recommendations for industrial end-users

EMSA

Newsflash in English

EMSA

Newsflash in English (two issues)

PECTA

Wide Bandgap Technology: Timing of most beneficial policy measures

PECTA

Reliability of electronic components and systems with WBG technology

PECTA

Policy Brief: The Energy Saving Potential of Wide Bandgap Technology in selected applications

June

EMSA

Digitalisation in electric motor systems – Part I: Findings for policy makers

EMSA

Digitalisation in electric motor systems – Part II: Technical recommendations for industrial end-users

EMSA

Newsflash in English

EMSA

Newsflash in English (two issues)

PECTA

Wide Bandgap Technology: Timing of most beneficial policy measures

PECTA

Reliability of electronic components and systems with WBG technology

PECTA

Policy Brief: The Energy Saving Potential of Wide Bandgap Technology in selected applications

SSLC

“Achieving successful intergovernmental collaboration: a case study in lighting” – N. Borg et al.

SSLC

“Achieving successful intergovernmental collaboration: a case study in lighting” – N. Borg et al.

August

EMSA

Policy Brief – Emerging Battery Technologies

August

EMSA

Policy Brief – Emerging Battery Technologies

September

EMSA

Five presentations and four conference papers for eemods’24 (the papers are to be published in the conference proceedings)

September

EMSA

Five presentations and four conference papers for eemods’24 (the papers are to be published in the conference proceedings)

October

PECTA

DC-Wallbox Pre-Scoping Study

October

PECTA

DC-Wallbox Pre-Scoping Study

SSLC

“Solid State Lighting: Review of Health Effects”

SSLC

“Interlaboratory comparison for temporal light modulation measurement”; S. Coyne et al.

SSLC

“Influence of AC power supply on light flicker measurements”; C. Dam-Hansen et al.

SSLC

“Solid-State Lighting: Health Effects and Knowledge Gaps”; C. Martinsons et al.

SSLC

“Securing Additional Energy Savings in SSL: an International Lighting Technology Roadmap”; J. N. Bardsley et al.

SSLC

“Solid State Lighting: Review of Health Effects”

SSLC

“Interlaboratory comparison for temporal light modulation measurement”; S. Coyne et al.

SSLC

“Influence of AC power supply on light flicker measurements”; C. Dam-Hansen et al.

SSLC

“Solid-State Lighting: Health Effects and Knowledge Gaps”; C. Martinsons et al.

SSLC

“Securing Additional Energy Savings in SSL: an International Lighting Technology Roadmap”; J. N. Bardsley et al.

November

EDNA

Cybersecurity for Demand Flexible Appliances

EDNA

Public Data on Data Centre Energy Use

EDNA

Data Centre Energy Efficiency Labels

EMSA

Global overview of Minimum Energy Performance Standards for electric motors

EMSA

Overview of international standards for motors, pumps, fans, air compressors

November

EDNA

Cybersecurity for Demand Flexible Appliances

PECTA

Optimized SiC PV Inverter

PECTA

Newsletter

EDNA

Public Data on Data Centre Energy Use

SSLC

“Solid State Lighting: Review of Health Effects” – Webinar Series – three events: (1) Temporal Light Modulation; (2) Circadian, Acute Neuro-Behavioural & Long-Term Effects Slides & recordings; (3) Photobiological Safety & Glare Slides & recordings

SSLC

“AC power supply issue for intrinsic flicker performance measurement” – Technical Comment

SSLC

IC 2023 Nucleus Laboratory Comparison Report, Part 1: Lamp artefacts

SSLC

IC 2023 Individual Test Results (ITR) Report for 18 international laboratories

EDNA

Data Centre Energy Efficiency Labels

EMSA

Global overview of Minimum Energy Performance Standards for electric motors

EMSA

Overview of international standards for motors, pumps, fans, air compressors

PECTA

Optimized SiC PV Inverter

PECTA

Newsletter

SSLC

“Solid State Lighting: Review of Health Effects” – Webinar Series – three events: (1) Temporal Light Modulation; (2) Circadian, Acute Neuro-Behavioural & Long-Term Effects Slides & recordings; (3) Photobiological Safety & Glare Slides & recordings

SSLC

“AC power supply issue for intrinsic flicker performance measurement” – Technical Comment

SSLC

IC 2023 Nucleus Laboratory Comparison Report, Part 1: Lamp artefacts

SSLC

IC 2023 Individual Test Results (ITR) Report for 18 international laboratories

December

4E

AC/HP Test Methods 2.0: Phase 4 Findings Summary

December

4E

AC/HP Test Methods 2.0: Phase 4 Findings Summary

February

EDNA

IEA webinar

February

EDNA

IEA webinar

March

EDNA

Digital Europe webinar

March

EDNA

Digital Europe webinar

April

PECTA

Montan University Leoben Lecture

April

PECTA

Montan University Leoben Lecture

4E

Energy Network (EnR) 4E updates

4E

Energy Network (EnR) 4E updates

May

SSLC

International Lighting Seminar: Metrology, Lifetime, Health and Smart Sustainable Lighting

May

SSLC

International Lighting Seminar: Metrology, Lifetime, Health and Smart Sustainable Lighting

4E

Energy Efficiency Hub, 4E overview

4E

4E PEET workshop, May. Portable AC equipment

4E

Energy Efficiency Hub, 4E overview

4E

4E PEETworkshop, May. Portable AC equipment

June

EDNA

ECEEE 2024

EDNA

E-Nova conference

SSLC

SSLC Platform Side Event, ECEEE Summer Study

PECTA

PCIM Europe

4E

4E PEET workshop Heat Pump installers

June

EDNA

ECEEE 2024

EDNA

E-Nova conference

SSLC

SSLC Platform Side Event, ECEEE Summer Study

PECTA

PCIM Europe

4E

4E PEET workshop Heat Pump installers

July

EMSA

Motors Academy* webinar – How can digitalisation enable savings in motor systems?

EMSA

Motors Academy* webinar – Advancing industrial inverters: the research roadmap for Wide Bandgap Power Semiconductors

EMSA

Motors Academy* webinar – Minimum Energy Performance Standards for electric motor systems

July

EMSA

Motors Academy* webinar – How can digitalisation enable savings in motor systems?

SSLC

International Solid State Lighting Alliance

SSLC

International Solid State Lighting Alliance

September

EMSA

Energy Efficiency in Motor Driven Systems (EEMODS)

EMSA

Workshop EMSA and CEMEP – industrial bridge

EMSA

U4E workshop on Policy Guide and Model Regulations Guidelines

EMSA

Motors Academy* webinar – The 4E EMSA Motor Systems Tool

EMSA

IEC webinar – Addressing energy efficiency in standardization: Learn how with the new Guide 118

September

EMSA

Energy Efficiency in Motor Driven Systems (EEMODS)

EMSA

Workshop EMSA and CEMEP – industrial bridge

EMSA

U4E workshop on Policy Guide and Model Regulations Guidelines

EMSA

Motors Academy* webinar – The 4E EMSA Motor Systems Tool

EMSA

IEC webinar – Addressing energy efficiency in standardization: Learn how with the new Guide 118

October

SSLC

EEDAL, Kitakyushu Japan

October

SSLC

EEDAL, Kitakyushu Japan

November

EMSA

U4E webinar on Policy Guide and Model Regulations Guidelines

November

EMSA

U4E webinar on Policy Guide and Model Regulations Guidelines

EMSA

EU MORE: 2nd Advisory Board meeting

EMSA

Motors Academy* webinar – Advancing industrial inverters: the research roadmap for Wide Bandgap Power Semiconductors

SSLC

IEEE Smart Lighting / Lighting Sciences ’24: Two keynote addresses, two papers

SSLC

SSL: Review of Health Effects – Webinar #1: Temporal Light Modulation

SSLC

SSL: Review of Health Effects – Webinar #2: Circadian, Acute Neuro-Behavioural & Long-Term Effects Slides & recordings

SSLC

SSL: Review of Health Effects – Webinar #3: Photobiological Safety & Glare Slides & recordings

EMSA

Motors Academy* webinar – Minimum Energy Performance Standards for electric motor systems

SSLC

IEEE Smart Lighting / Lighting Sciences ’24: Two keynote addresses, two papers

SSLC

SSL: Review of Health Effects – Webinar #1: Temporal Light Modulation

SSLC

SSL: Review of Health Effects – Webinar #2: Circadian, Acute Neuro-Behavioural & Long-Term Effects Slides & recordings

SSLC

SSL: Review of Health Effects – Webinar #3: Photobiological Safety & Glare Slides & recordings

4E

PEET workshop on external power suppliers & battery chargers

Wellington, New Zealand

4E

Energy Network (EnR) 4E overview

4E

Energy Network (EnR) 4E overview

December

SSLC

CIE Technical Committee 2-89; IEC TC 34 Working Group 5 and IES LM-90 Working Group

Decemeber

SSLC

CIE Technical Committee 2-89; IEC TC 34 Working Group 5 and IES LM-90 Working Group

Record of Activities

Publications in 2024

Newsletter in English, Chinese, Japanese, Spanishmakers
April
Public
Newsletter in English, Chinese, Japanese, Spanishmakers
April • Public
Digitalisation in electric motor systems – Part III: Catalogue of case studies
May
Public

Digitalisation in electric motor systems – Part III: Catalogue of case studies

May • Public
Digitalisation in electric motor systems – Part IV: Energy consumption due to the digitalisation of electric motor systems
May

Public

Digitalisation in electric motor systems – Part IV: Energy consumption due to the digitalisation of electric motor systems
May • Public
Digitalisation in electric motor systems – Part I: Findings for policy makers
June
Policy makers
Digitalisation in electric motor systems – Part I: Findings for policy makers
June • Policy Makers
Digitalisation in electric motor systems – Part II: Technical recommendations
for industrial end-users
June
Public

Digitalisation in electric motor systems – Part II: Technical recommendations
for industrial end-users

June • Public
Newsflash in English (two issues)
June

Public

Newsflash in English (two issues)
June • Public
Policy Brief – Digitalisation in electric motor driven systems:
key findings from four reports
August
Policy makers, Public
Policy Brief – Digitalisation in electric motor driven systems:
key findings from four reports

August •Policy makers, Public

Five presentations and four conference papers for eemods’24
(the papers are to be published in the conference proceedings)
September
Public
Five presentations and four conference papers for eemods’24
(the papers are to be published in the conference proceedings)

September •Public

Global overview of Minimum Energy Performance Standards for electric motors
November
Public
Global overview of Minimum Energy Performance Standards for electric motors

November •Public

Overview of international standards for motors, pumps, fans, air compressors

November
Public

Overview of international standards for motors, pumps, fans, air compressors

November •Public

External Workshops & Conferences in 2024

Motors Academy* webinar – How can digitalisation enable savings in motor systems?

July

Public

Online

Energy Efficiency in Motor Driven Systems (EEMODS)
September
Public
Lucerne, Switzerland
Workshop EMSA and CEMEP – industrial bridge
September
Public
Lucerne, Switzerland
U4E workshop on Policy Guide and Model Regulations Guidelines
September

Public

Online

Motors Academy webinar – The 4E EMSA Motor Systems Tool

September

Public

Online

IEC webinar – Addressing energy efficiency in standardization:
Learn how with the new Guide 118

November

Public

Online

U4E webinar on Policy Guide and Model Regulations Guidelines

November

Public

Online

Motors Academy webinar – Minimum Energy Performance Standards for electric motor systems

November

Public

Online

Motors Academy webinar – Advancing industrial inverters: the research roadmap
for Wide Bandgap Power Semiconductors

November

Public

Online

Motors Academy* webinar – How can digitalisation enable savings in motor systems?

July • Public
Online
Energy Efficiency in Motor Driven Systems (EEMODS)
September • Public
Lucerne, Switzerland
Workshop EMSA and CEMEP – industrial bridge

September • Public
Lucerne, Switzerland

U4E workshop on Policy Guide and Model Regulations Guidelines

September • Public
Online

Motors Academy webinar – The 4E EMSA Motor Systems Tool
September• Public
Online
IEC webinar – Addressing energy efficiency in standardization:
Learn how with the new Guide 118
November • Public
Online
U4E webinar on Policy Guide and Model Regulations Guidelines
November • Public
Online
Motors Academy webinar – Minimum Energy Performance Standards for electric motor systems
November • Public
Online
Motors Academy webinar – Advancing industrial inverters: the research roadmap
for Wide Bandgap Power Semiconductors
November • Public
Online

Management/Experts Meetings in 2024

EU-MORE project 3rd Advisory Board meeting
April

Online

EU-MORE project 3rd Advisory Board meeting

April • Online
31st EMSA meeting
April

Online

31st EMSA meeting
April • Online
32nd EMSA meeting

September

Lucerne, Switzerland

32nd EMSA meeting
September • Lucerne, Switzerland
Round Robin for Air Compressors project meetings
6 meetings

Online

Round Robin for Air Compressors project meetings
6 meetings • Online
Round Robin for Air Compressors project meetings
6 meetings

Online

Motor Systems Tool expert pool meetings

4 meetings • Online

Management/Experts Meetings Planned for 2025

33rd EMSA meeting

May

Online

33rd EMSA meeting

May • Copenhagen, Denmark

34th EMSA meeting
November

Online

34th EMSA meeting

November • Online

Platform Country Delegates

Australia

Toby Abernethy
Australian Government, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water

Gary James
Australian Government, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water

Australia

Toby Abernethy
Australian Government, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water

Gary James
Australian Government, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water

Austria

Konstantin Kulterer
Austrian Energy Agency

Austria

Konstantin Kulterer
Austrian Energy Agency

Denmark

Mette Gottschau Rozario
Danish Energy Agency

Sandie B. Nielsen
DTI

Denmark

Mette Gottschau Rozario
Danish Energy Agency

Sandie B. Nielsen
DTI

European Commission

Ronald Piers de Raveschoot
European Commission, DG Energy

Georgios Takoudis
European Commission, DG Energy

European Commission

Ronald Piers de Raveschoot
European Commission, DG Energy

Georgios Takoudis
European Commission, DG Energy

Netherlands

Frank Hartkamp
Netherlands Enterprise Agency

Hans-Paul Siderius
Netherlands Enterprise Agency

Netherlands

Frank Hartkamp
Netherlands Enterprise Agency

Hans-Paul Siderius
Netherlands Enterprise Agency

New Zealand

Brian Fitzgerald
Energy Efficiency & Conservation Authority

Allen Davison
Energy Efficiency & Conservation Authority

New Zealand

Brian Fitzgerald
Energy Efficiency & Conservation Authority

Allen Davison
Energy Efficiency & Conservation Authority

Sweden

Maja Dahlgren
Swedish Energy Agency

Sweden

Maja Dahlgren
Swedish Energy Agency

Switzerland

Roland Brüniger
Swiss Federal Office of Energy

Switzerland

Roland Brüniger
Swiss Federal Office of Energy

United States

Jeremy Dommu
U.S. Department of Energy
Sanaee Iyama
LBNL

United States

Jeremy Dommu
U.S. Department of Energy
Sanaee Iyama
LBNL

Platform Chair

Roland Brüniger
Swiss Federal Office of Energy
c/o Wafe Technology GmbH Isenbergstrasse 30, CH – 8913 Ottenbach Switzerland

Platform Vice-Chair

Frank Hartkamp
Netherlands Enterprise Agency
Croeselaan 15, 3521 BJ Utrecht,
The Netherlands

Platform Manager

Maarten van Werkhoven
TPA advisors
Generaal Winkelmanlaan 31 2111 WV Aerdenhout
The Netherlands

Platform Vice-Manager

Rita Werle
Impact Energy Inc.
Stahlrain 6, 5200 Brugg
Switzerland

Platform Chair

Roland Brüniger
Swiss Federal Office of Energy c/o Wafe Technology GmbH Isenbergstrasse 30, CH – 8913 Ottenbach Switzerland

Platform Vice-Chair

Frank Hartkamp
Netherlands Enterprise Agency
Croeselaan 15, 3521 BJ Utrecht
The Netherlands

Platform Manager

Maarten van Werkhoven
TPA advisors
Generaal Winkelmanlaan 31 2111 WV Aerdenhout
The Netherlands

Platform Vice-Manager

Rita Werle
Impact Energy Inc.
Stahlrain 6, 5200 Brugg
Switzerland

Record of Activities

Publications in 2024

“Achieving successful intergovernmental collaboration: a case study in lighting” – N. Borg et al.

June

Public; policy makers; lighting researchers, industry

Journal

“Achieving successful intergovernmental collaboration: a case study in lighting” – N. Borg et al.

June

Public; policy makers; lighting researchers, industry

Journal

“Interlaboratory comparison for temporal light modulation measurement”; S. Coyne et al.

October

Test laboratories; policy makers; standardisation

Journal

“Interlaboratory comparison for temporal light modulation measurement”; S. Coyne et al.

October

Test laboratories; policy makers; standardisation

Journal

“Influence of AC power supply on light flicker measurements”; C. Dam-Hansen et al.

October

Test laboratories; policy makers; standardisation

Journal

“Influence of AC power supply on light flicker measurements”; C. Dam-Hansen et al.

October

Test laboratories; policy makers; standardisation

Journal

“Solid-State Lighting: Health Effects and Knowledge Gaps”; C. Martinsons et al.

October

Test laboratories; policy makers; industry

“Solid-State Lighting: Health Effects and Knowledge Gaps”; C. Martinsons et al.

October

Test laboratories; policy makers; industry

“Securing Additional Energy Savings in SSL: an International Lighting Technology Roadmap”; J. N. Bardsley et al.

October

Industry; policy makers

Journal

“Securing Additional Energy Savings in SSL: an International Lighting Technology Roadmap”; J. N. Bardsley et al.

October

Industry; policy makers

Journal

“Solid State Lighting: Review of Health Effects”

November

Policy makers, regulatory bodies, standardisation experts, industry, researchers

“Solid State Lighting: Review of Health Effects”

November

Policy makers, regulatory bodies, standardisation experts, industry, researchers

“AC power supply issue for intrinsic flicker performance measurement” – Technical Comment

November

Test laboratories; policy makers; standardisation

“AC power supply issue for intrinsic flicker performance measurement” – Technical Comment

November

Test laboratories; policy makers; standardisation

IC 2023 Nucleus Laboratory Comparison Report Part 1: Lamp Artefacts

November

Test laboratories; policy makers; standardisation

IC 2023 Nucleus Laboratory Comparison Report Part 1: Lamp Artefacts

November

Test laboratories; policy makers; standardisation

IC 2023 Individual Test Results (ITR) Report for 18 international laboratories

November

Confidential, test results; accreditation bodies

IC 2023 Individual Test Results (ITR) Report for 18 international laboratories

November

Confidential, test results; accreditation bodies

External Workshops & Conferences in 2024

International Lighting Seminar: Metrology, Lifetime, Health and Smart Sustainable Lighting

May

Lighting professionals, researchers, policy makers, regulatory bodies

London, United Kingdom / Online

International Lighting Seminar: Metrology, Lifetime, Health and Smart Sustainable Lighting

May

Lighting professionals, researchers, policy makers, regulatory bodies

London, United Kingdom

SSLC Platform Side Event, ECEEE Summer Study

June

Policy-makers; energy-efficiency community; researchers, analysts

Chamouille, France

SSLC Platform Side Event, ECEEE Summer Study

June

Policy-makers; energy-efficiency community; researchers, analysts

Chamouille, France

International Solid State Lighting Alliance

July

BRIC countries, lighting stakeholders

Shenzhen, China

International Solid State Lighting Alliance

July

BRIC countries, lighting stakeholders

Shenzhen, China

EEDAL, Kitakyushu Japan

October

Researchers, policy makers, industry

Kitakyushu, Japan

EEDAL, Kitakyushu Japan

October

Researchers, policy makers, industry

Kitakyushu, Japan

IEEE Smart Lighting / Lighting Sciences 24 – four events: keynote address x2, papers x2

November

Lighting scientists, researchers, industry, standardisation, policy makers

Eindhoven, Netherlands

IEEE Smart Lighting / Lighting Sciences 24 – four events: keynote address x2, papers x2

November

Lighting scientists, researchers, industry, standardisation, policy makers

Eindhoven, Netherlands

SSL: Review of Health Effects – Webinar #1: Temporal Light Modulation, Webinar #2: Circadian, Acute Neuro-Behavioural & Long-Term Effects, Webinar #3: Photobiological Safety & Glare

November

Policy makers, regulatory bodies, standardisation experts, industry, researchers

Webinar (repeated once for time-zone reasons)

SSL: Review of Health Effects – Webinar #1: Temporal Light Modulation, Webinar #2: Circadian, Acute Neuro-Behavioural & Long-Term Effects, Webinar #3: Photobiological Safety & Glare

November

Policy makers, regulatory bodies, standardisation experts, industry, researchers

Webinar (repeated once for time-zone reasons)

CIE Technical Committee 2-89; IEC TC 34 Working Group 5 and IES LM-90 Working Group

December

Standardisation experts, industry, metrologists Online

Online

CIE Technical Committee 2-89; IEC TC 34 Working Group 5 and IES LM-90 Working Group

December

Standardisation experts, industry, metrologists

Online

Management/Experts Meetings in 2024

Management Committee meeting

February

Conference Call

Management Committee meeting

February • Conference Call

28th Experts meeting (3 days, hybrid meeting)

May

London, UK

28th Experts meeting (3 days, hybrid meeting)

May • London, UK

Management Committee meeting

November

Conference Call

Management Committee meeting

November • Conference Call

29th Experts meeting (2.5 days, hybrid meeting)

November

London, UK

29th Experts Meeting (2.5 days hybrid meeting)

November • Eindhoven, NL

External Workshops & Conferences Planned for 2025

IC 2023 Temporal Light Modulation Final Report and Findings at CIE MidTerm Meeting

June

Lighting scientists, standardisation experts, metrologists, researchers, industry

Vienna, Austria

IC 2023 Temporal Light Modulation Final Report and Findings at CIE MidTerm Meeting

June

Lighting scientists, standardisation experts, metrologists, researchers, industry

Vienna, Austria

IC 2023 Temporal Light Modulation Final Report and Findings Webinars

July

Lighting scientists, standardisation experts, metrologists, researchers, industry, public

Online

IC 2023 Temporal Light Modulation Final Report and Findings Webinars

July

Lighting scientists, standardisation experts, metrologists, researchers, industry, public

Online

International Expert Lighting Seminar planned jointly with Korean Energy Agency and KIEL

November

Lighting professionals, researchers, policy makers, regulatory bodies

Seoul, Korea / Online

International Expert Lighting Seminar planned jointly with Korean Energy Agency and KIEL

November

Lighting professionals, researchers, policy makers, regulatory bodies

Seoul, Korea / Online

Management/Experts Meetings Planned for 2025

Experts meeting (3 days in person with online attendants)

April

Lyon, France

Experts meeting (3 days in person with online attendants)

April • Lyon, France

Experts meeting (3 days in person with online attendants)

November

Seoul, Korea

Experts meeting (3 days in person with online attendants)

November • Seoul, Korea

5–6 bi-monthly MC calls

Conference Calls

Seoul, Korea

5–6 bi-monthly MC calls

February+ • Conference Calls

Platform Country Delegates

Australia

Patricia Liubesic
Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources

Australia

Patricia Liubesic
Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources

Denmark

Casper Kofod
Energy Piano (Acting MC for Denmark)

Thore Stenfeldt
Danish Energy Agency

Denmark

Casper Kofod
Energy Piano (Acting MC for Denmark)

Thore Stenfeldt
Danish Energy Agency

European Commission

Niels Ladefoged
European Commission, Directorate-General for Energy

Sofia Andreadaki
European Commission, Directorate-General for Energy

European Commission

Niels Ladefoged
Sofia Andreadaki
European Commission, Directorate-General for Energy

France

Georges Zissis (Chair)
University of Toulouse – LAPLACE lab

France

Prof. Georges Zissis (Chair)
University of Toulouse – LAPLACE lab

Korea

Mr. Jeon, Mr. Dohoon
Korea Energy Agency

Korea

Mr. Jeon, Mr. Dohoon
Korea Energy Agency

Sweden

Peter Bennich (Vice- Chair)
Swedish Energy Agency

Sweden

Peter Bennich (Vice-Chair)
Swedish Energy Agency

United Kingdom

Sophie Kong
Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy

United Kingdom

Sophie Kong
Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy

Platform Chair

Prof. Georges Zissis
Toulouse 3 University
Toulouse, France

Platform Vice-Chair

Peter Bennich
Swedish Energy Agency
Email: [email protected]

Platform Manager

Mr. Nils Borg
Borg & Co
Stockholm, Sweden

Platform Vice-Manager

Michael Scholand
MS2S Energy
London, United Kingdom
Email: [email protected]

Platform Chair

Georges Zissis
Toulouse 3 University
Toulouse, France

Platform Vice-Chair

Peter Bennich
Swedish Energy Agency
Email: [email protected]

Platform Manager

Mr. Nils Borg
Borg & Co
Stockholm, Sweden

Platform Vice-Manager

Michael Scholand
MS2S Energy
London, United Kingdom
Email: [email protected]

Record of Activities

Publications in 2024

Report – Policy development on energy efficiency of data centres

February
Public

Report – Policy development on energy efficiency of data centres

February • Public

Policy Brief – Energy Management Protocols

March
Public

Policy Brief – Energy Management Protocols

March • Public

Policy Brief – Interoperability

May
Public

Policy Brief – Interoperability

May • Public

Policy Brief – Harnessing Smart and Dumb Devices

May
Public

Policy Brief – Harnessing Smart and Dumb Devices

May • Public

Policy Brief – Policy Development on Energy Efficiency of Data Centres

May
Public

Policy Brief – Policy Development on Energy Efficiency of Data Centres

May • Public

Cybersecurity for Demand Flexible Appliances

November
Public

Cybersecurity for Demand Flexible Appliances

November • Public

Public Data on Data Centre Energy Use

November
Public

Public Data on Data Centre Energy Use

November • Public

Data Centre Energy Efficiency Labels

November
Public

Data Centre Energy Efficiency Labels

November • Public

External Workshops & Conferences in 2024

IEA webinar

February

Public

Online

IEA webinar

February • Public
Online

Digital Europe webinar

March

Public

Online

Digital Europe webinar

March • Public
Online

ECEEE 2024

June

Researchers

Lac d’Ailette, France

ECEEE 2024

June • Researchers
Lac d’Ailette, France

e-nova conference

June

Public

Pinkafeld, Austria

e-nova conference

June • Public
Pinkafeld, Austria

External Workshops & Conferences Planned for 2025

An Energy Efficiency label for Data Centres

May

Government, industry

Copenhagen

An Energy Efficiency label for Data Centres

May • Government, industry
Copenhagen

Various with IEA on data centres and related

May

Public

Online

Various with IEA on data centres and related

May onwards • Public
Online

Management/Experts Meetings Planned for 2025

Platform Management meeting

12 May

Platform members

Copenhagen, Denmark

Platform Management meeting

12 May 2025 • Platform members
Copenhagen, Denmark

Platform Country Delegates

Australia

Martin Squire
Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water

Australia

Martin Squire
Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water

Austria

Adriana Diaz
EcoDesign Company

Austria

Adriana Diaz
EcoDesign Company

Canada

Laureen Chung
Natural Resources Canada

Canada

Laureen Chung
Natural Resources Canada

Denmark

Thore Stenfeldt
Danish Energy Agency

Denmark

Thore Stenfeldt
Danish Energy Agency

European Commission

Georgios Takoudis
European Commission, DG ENER

European Commission

Georgios Takoudis
Directorate-General for Energy

France

Bruno Lafitte
ADEME

France

Bruno Lafitte
ADEME

Japan

Masato Futagami
NEDO

Japan

Masato Futagami
NEDO

Korea

Mr Yim Do-Youn
Korea Energy Agency

Korea

Mr Yim Do-Youn
Korea Energy Agency

Netherlands

Hans-Paul Siderius
Netherlands Enterprise Agency

Netherlands

Hans-Paul Siderius
Netherlands Enterprise Agency

New Zealand

Brian Fitzgerald
Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority (EECA)

New Zealand

Brian Fitzgerald
Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority (EECA)

Sweden

Georgios Foskolos
Swedish Energy Agency

Sweden

Georgios Foskolos
Swedish Energy Agency

Switzerland

Roland Brüniger
Swiss Federal Office of Energy

Switzerland

Roland Brüniger
Swiss Federal Office of Energy

United Kingdom

Laura Gritt
Dept for Energy Security and Net Zero

United Kingdom

Laura Gritt
Dept for Energy Security and Net Zero

United States

Jeremy Dommu
U.S. Department of Energy

United States

Jeremy Dommu
U.S. Department of Energy

Platform Chair

Brian Fitzgerald
Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority (EECA)
New Zealand

Platform Manager

Stephen Beletich
Beletich Associates
Australia
Email: [email protected]

Platform Chair

Brian Fitzgerald
Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority (EECA)
New Zealand
Email: [email protected]

Platform Manager

Stephen Beletich

Beletich Associates Australia
Email: [email protected]

Record of Activities

Publications in 2024

Wide Bandgap Technology: Energy and environmental related Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

February

Public, policy makers

Wide Bandgap Technology: Energy and environmental related Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

February • Public, policy makers

Energy saving potential of WBG commercial power converters in different applications

March

Public, policy makers

Energy saving potential of WBG commercial power converters in different applications

March • Public, policy makers

Application Readiness Map for Wide Bandgap (WBG) Semiconductors

March

Public, policy makers

Application Readiness Map for Wide Bandgap (WBG) Semiconductors

March • Public, policy makers

Analysis and Loss Measurements of WBG-Based Devices

March

Public, policy makers

Analysis and Loss Measurements of WBG-Based Devices

March • Public, policy makers

Energy Efficiency Measurement of Wide Bandgap Based Power Supplies

March

Public, policy makers

Energy Efficiency Measurement of Wide Bandgap Based Power Supplies

March • Public, policy makers

Newsletter

April

Subscribers of the PECTA newsletter

Newsletter

April • Subscribers of the PECTA newsletter

Wide Bandgap Technology: Timing of most beneficial policy measures

June

Public, policy makers

Wide Bandgap Technology: Timing of most beneficial policy measures

June • Public, policy makers

Reliability of electronic components and systems with WBG technology

June

Public, policy makers

Reliability of electronic components and systems with WBG technology

June • Public, policy makers

Policy Brief: The Energy Saving Potential of Wide Bandgap Technology in selected applications

June

Public, policy makers

Policy Brief: The Energy Saving Potential of Wide Bandgap Technology in selected applications

June • Public, policy makers

DC-Wallbox Pre-Scoping Study

October

Public, policy makers

DC-Wallbox Pre-Scoping Study

October • Public, policy makers

Optimized SiC PV Inverter

November

Public, policy makers

Optimized SiC PV Inverter

November • Public, policy makers

External Workshops & Conferences in 2024

PCIM Europe

June

Public

Nuremberg

PCIM Europe

June • Public
Nuremberg

Montan University Leoben Lecture

April

Restricted to students

Leoben

Montan University Leoben Lecture

April • Restricted to student
Leoben

ECPE Workshop – “Eco-Design Approaches of Power Electronics”

November

Public

Grenoble

ECPE Workshop – “Eco-Design Approaches of Power Electronics”

November • Public
Grenoble

Management/Experts Meetings in 2024

1st Platform MC Meeting of 2024

January

Online

1st Platform MC Meeting of 2024

January • Online

1st Platform MC Meeting of 2024

February

Online

1st Platform MC Meeting of 2024

February • Online

2nd Platform MC Meeting of 2024

March

Online

2nd Platform MC Meeting of 2024

March • Online

3rd Platform MC Meeting of 2024

May

Online

3rd Platform MC Meeting of 2024

May • Online

4th Platform MC Meeting of 2024

May

Online

4th Platform MC Meeting of 2024

May • Online

5th Platform MC Meeting of 2024

June

Online

5th Platform MC Meeting of 2024

June • Online

4E Austrian National PECTA/EMSA/EDNA Expert Meeting

August

Online

4E Austrian National PECTA/EMSA/EDNA Expert Meeting

August • Online

6th Platform MC Meeting of 2024

August

Online

6th Platform MC Meeting of 2024

August • Online

7th Platform MC Meeting of 2024

October

Online

7th Platform MC Meeting of 2024

October • Online

8th Platform MC Meeting of 2024

November

Online

8th Platform MC Meeting of 2024

November • Online

9th Platform MC Meeting of 2024

December

Online

9th Platform MC Meeting of 2024

December •Online

External Workshops & Conferences Planned for 2025

PCIM
May

Academia and Industry

Nuremberg

PCIM

May • Academia and Industry
Nuremberg

Management/Experts Meetings Planned for 2025

Periodical Management Committee (MC) meeting

Starting January

Internal

Conference Call

Periodical Management Committee (MC) meeting

Starting January • Internal
Conference Call

PECTA Experts Workshop

Date not fixed yet

Internal

Conference Call

PECTA Experts Workshop

Date not fixed yet

Platform Country Delegates

Austria

Adriana Diaz
EcoDesign Company GmbH

Austria

Adriana Diaz
EcoDesign Company GmbH

Denmark

Christian Holm Christiansen
Teknologisk Institut

Denmark

Christian Holm Christiansen
Teknologisk Institut

European Commission

Cosmin Codrea
Directorate-General for Energy (DG ENER)

European Commission

Cosmin Codrea
Directorate-General for Energy (DG ENER)

Sweden

Peter Bennich
Swedish Energy Agency

Sweden

Peter Bennich
Swedish Energy Agency

Switzerland

Roland Brüniger
Swiss Federal Office of Energy

Switzerland

Roland Brüniger
Swiss Federal Office of Energy

Platform Chair

Roland Brüniger
Swiss Federal Office of Energy
c/o Wafe Technology GmbH Isenbergstrasse 30, CH – 8913 Ottenbach Switzerland
Email: [email protected]

Platform Manager

Markus Makoschitz (Austria)
AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH
Email: [email protected]
University of Leoben
Email: [email protected]

Platform Chair

Roland Brüniger
Swiss Federal Office of Energy
c/o Wafe Technology GmbH Isenbergstrasse 30, CH – 8913 Ottenbach Switzerland
Email: [email protected]

Platform Manager

Markus Makoschitz (Austria)
AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH
Email: [email protected]
University of Leoben
Email: [email protected]

About the
International Energy Agency (IEA)

The IEA is at the heart of global dialogue on energy, providing authoritative analysis, data, policy recommendations, and real-world solutions to help countries provide secure and sustainable energy for all. The IEA was created in 1974 to help co-ordinate a collective response to major disruptions in the supply of oil. While oil security remains a key aspect of their work, the IEA has evolved and expanded significantly since its foundation. Taking an all-fuels, all-technology approach, the IEA advocates policies that enhance the reliability, affordability and sustainability of energy. It examines the full spectrum of issues including renewables, oil, gas and coal supply and demand, energy efficiency, clean energy technologies, electricity systems and markets, access to energy, demand-side management, and much more. Since 2015, the IEA has opened its doors to major emerging countries to expand its global impact, and deepen cooperation in energy security, data and statistics, energy policy analysis, energy efficiency, and the growing use of clean energy technologies.

IEA Technology Collaboration Programmes

The Technology Collaboration Programme supports the work of independent, international groups of experts that enable governments and industries from around the world to lead programmes and projects on a wide range of energy technologies and related issues. The experts in these collaborations work to advance the research, development and commercialisation of energy technologies. The scope and strategy of each collaboration is in keeping with the IEA Shared Goals of energy security, environmental protection and economic growth, as well as engagement worldwide. The breadth of the analytical expertise in the Technology Collaboration Programme is a unique asset to the global transition to a cleaner energy future. These collaborations involve over 6,000 experts worldwide who represent nearly 300 public and private organisations located in 55 countries, including many from IEA Association countries such as China, India and Brazil.

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