The health effects of LED lamps and luminaires used for general lighting were reviewed by an international team of researchers working under the 4E SSLC Platform. Effects on the general population and subsets of sensitive groups were studied considering interactions with eye and skin, glare, circadian regulation, neuro-behavioral effects, effects of temporal light modulation, and long-term effects, such as agerelated macular degeneration, myopia, and risks of cancer. This paper presents the conclusions and recommendations of the expert group. Knowledge gaps are detailed in each effect category.

Authors: Christophe Martinsons, Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment, Saint Martin d’Hères, France; Ashley Nixon, NRC Construction, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada; Jennifer A. Veitch, NRC Construction, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada; Rohan Mate, Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency, Melbourne, Australia; Sarah Loughran, Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency, Melbourne, Australia; Rachael Harris, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Linda Shen, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia